On remand from the U.S. Supreme Court, the Second Circuit ruled that Halkbank, a commercial bank majority owned by Turkey, is not immune from criminal prosecution under common-law foreign sovereign ...

Now that the Halkbank and In re Grand Jury Subpoena decisions have made clear that foreign sovereign immunity does not prevent DOJ from enforcing grand jury subpoenas through criminal contempt charges ...

“These decisions highlight the fact-intensive nature of the inquiry into a potential infringer’s legitimate business and commercial intent. Without concrete proof of experimental intent, the defense ...